Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology

Valdes AM, Loughlin J, Timms KM, van Meurs JJB, Southam L, Wilson SG, Doherty S, Lories RJ, Luyten FP, Gutin A, Abkevich V, Dongliang G, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Hart DJ, Zhang F, Zhai G, Egli RJ, Doherty M, Lanchbury J, Spector TD. Genome-wide association scan identifies a prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 variant involved in risk of knee osteoarthritis. The American Journal of Human Genetics 2008; 82:1-10 [PDF File]

Richards JB, Rivadeneira F, Inouye M, Pastinen TM, Soranzo N, Wilson SG, Andrew T, Falchi M, Gwilliam R, Ahmadi KR, Valdes AM, Arp P, Whittaker P, Verlaan DJ, Jhamai M, Kumanduri V, Moorhouse M, van Meurs JB, Hofman A, Pols HAP, Hart D, Zhai G, Kato BS, Mullin BH, Zhang F, Deloukas P, Uitterlinden AG, Spector TD. Bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fractures: a genome-wide association study. The Lancet 2008 April 29 ; 371:1505-12 [PDF File]

Wallace C, Newhouse SJ, Braund P, Zhang F, Tobin M, Falchi M, Ahmadi KR et al. Genome-wide association study identifies novel genes for biomarkers of cardiovascular disease: serum urate and dyslipidemia. American Journal of Human Genetics 2008 Jan 10;82(1):139-149.

Cherkas LF, Hunkin JL, Kato B, Richards B, Gardner JP, Surdulescu GL, Kimura M, Lu X, Spector TD, Aviv A. The association between physical activity in leisure time and leukocyte telomere length. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168 (2):154-158 [PDF File]

Ge D, Gooljar SB, Kyriakou T, Collins LJ, Swaminathan R, Snieder H, Spector TD, O'Dell SD. Association of common JAK2 variants with body fat, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Obesity Research 2008 Feb; 16 (2):492-6

Nicolaou N, Shane S, Cherkas L, Hunkin J, Spector TD. Is the tendency to engage in entrepreneurship genetic? Management Science 2008;54 (1):167-179 [PDF File]

Valdes AM, Doherty M, Spector TD. The additive effect of individual genes in predicting risk of knee osteoarthritis. Annals of Rheumatic Diseas 2008 Jan; 67 (1):124-7 [PDF File]

Mullin BH, Prince RL, Dick IM, Islam FM, Hart DJ, Spector TD, Devine A, Dudbridge F, Wilson SG. Bone structural effects of variation in the TNFRSF1B gene encoding the tumor necrosis factor receptor 2. Osteoporos Int. 2008 (in press)

Dalageorgou C, Ge D, Jamshidi Y, Nolte IM, Riese H, Savelieva I, Carter ND, Spector TD, Snieder H. Heritability of QT Interval: How Much Is Explained by Genes for Resting Heart Rate? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008 (in press)

Skidmore PM, Cassidy A, Swaminathan R, Richards JB, Spector TD, Macgregor AJ. Relation of birth weight, BMI and change in size from birth to adulthood to insulin resistance in a female twin cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 (in press)

Panicker V, Wilson SG, Spector TD, Brown SJ, Falchi M, Richards JB, Surdulescu GL, Lim EM, Fletcher SJ, Walsh JP. Heritability of serum TSH, free T4 and free T3 concentrations: a study of a large UK twin cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 (in press)

Williams FM, Kato BS, Livshits G, Sambrook PN, Spector TD, Macgregor AJ. Lumbar disc disease shows linkage to chromosome 19 overlapping with a QTL for hand OA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008 Jan; 67 (1):117-9 [PDF File]

Falchi M, Wilson SG, Paximadas D, Swaminathan R, Spector TD. Quantitative Linkage Analysis for Pancreatic B-cell Function and Insulin Resistance in a Large Twin Cohort. Diabetes. 2008 Jan 3 (in press)

Healey P, Carbonaro F, Taylor B, Spector TD, Mitchell P, Hammond CJ. The heritability of optic disc parameters: a classic twin study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jan;49(1):77-80 [PDF File]

Need AC, Ahmadi KR, Spector TD, Goldstein DB. Failure to replicate four polymorphisms previously associated with obesity or BMI in Caucasian women. International Journal of obesity 2008. (in press)

Fuchsberger C, Falchi M, Forer L, Pramstaller PP. PedVizApi: a Java API for the interactive, visual analysis of extended pedigrees.Bioinformatics. 2008 Jan 15;24(2):279-81 [PDF File]

Falchi M, Fuchsberger C. Jenti: An efficient tool for mining complex inbred genealogies.Bioinformatics. 2008 Jan 24 [PDF File]

Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Kato BS, Siva A, Kimura M, Lu X, Brown MJ, Aviv A, Spector TD. Homocysteine levels and leukocyte telomere length. Atherosclerosis 2008 (in press)

Vernon PA, Martin RA, Schermer JA, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. Genetic and environmental contributions to humor replication study. Twin Research and Human Genetics 2008; 11 (1): 44-47 [PDF File]

Chinappen-Horsley U, Blake GM, Fogelman I, Kato B, Ahmadi KR, Spector TD. Quantitative trait loci for bone lengths on chromosome 5 using dual energy X ray absorptiometry imaging in the twins UK cohort. PLOS One 2008; 3 (3):e1752 [PDF File]

Zhai G, Hart DJ, Valdes AM, Kato BS, Richards JB, Hakim A , Spector TD. Natural history and risk factors for bone loss in postmenopausal Caucasian women: a 15-year follow-up population based study. Osteoporosis International 2008 (in press)

Lundmark PE, Liljedahl U, Boomsma DI, Mannila H, Martin NG, Palotie A, Peltonen L, Perola M, Spector TD, Syvänen C. Evaluation of HapMap data in six populations of European Descent. European Journal of Human Genetics 2008 (in press)

Richards JB, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Paximadas D, Kimura M, Nessa A, Lu X, Surdulescu GL, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Aviv A. Higher serum vitamin D concentrations are associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86: 1420-5 [PDF File]

Valdes AM, Loughlin J, VanOene M, Chapman K, Surdulescu GL, Doherty M, Spector TD. Sex and ethnic differences in the association of ASPN, CALM1, COL2A1, COMP and FRZB with genetic susceptibility to osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007; 56(1):137-146 [PDF File]

Gosden RG, Treloar SA, Martin NG, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, Faddy MJ, Silber SJ. Prevalence of premature ovarian failure in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Human Reproduction 2007; Feb 22(2):610-5 [PDF File]

Richards JB, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. An analysis of which anti-osteoporosis therapeutic regimen would improve compliance in a population of elderly adults. Current Medical Research Opinions 2007; 23(2):293-299 [PDF File]

Zhai G, Hart DJ, Kato BS, MacGregor A, Spector TD. Genetic influence on the progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a longitudinal twin study. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage 2007;15:222-225 [PDF File]

Cherkas LF, Williams FMK, Carter L, Howell K, Black CM, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. The heritability of raynaud's phenomenon and vascular responsiveness to cold: a study of adult female twins. Arthritis Care & Research 2007; 57 (3):524-8 [PDF File]

Zhang F, Zhai G, Kato BS, Hart DJ, Hunter D, Spector TD, Ahmadi K. Association between KLOTHO gene and hand osteoarthritis in a female Caucasian population. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage 2007 June; 15 (6):624-9 [PDF File]

Steer SE, Williams FMK, Kato B, Gardner JP, Norman PJ, Hall MA, Kimura M, Vaughan R, Aviv A, Spector TD. Reduced telomere length in rheumatoid arthritis is independent of disease activity and duration. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007 Apr; 66 (4):476-480 [PDF File]

Ioannidis JP, Ng MY, Sham PC, Zintzaras E, Lewis C, Deng H, Econs MJ, Karasik D, Devoto M, Kammerer C, Spector TD, Andrew T, Cupples A, Foroud T, Keil D, Koller DL, Langdahl BL, Mitchell B, Peacock M, Recker R, Hui S, Katia S, Spotila L, Uitterlinden AG, Wilson S, Kung AW, Ralston SH. Meta-analysis of genome wide scans provides evidence for gender and site specific regulation of bone mass. JBMR 2007;22 (2):173-183 [PDF File]

Fogelman I, Fordham JN, Fraser WD, Spector TD, Christiansen C, Morris S. PTH (1-84) in postmenopausal women with low bone mass receiving hormone replacement therapy. Osteoporosis International 2007 (in press)

Jamshidi Y, Gooljar SB, Snieder H, Wang X, Ge D, Swaminathan R, Spector TD. O'dell SD. SHP-2 and PI3-kinase genes PTPN11 and PIK3R1 may influence serum apoB and LDL cholesterol levels in normal women. Atherosclerosis 2007 Oct;194 (2):e26-33

Valdes AM, Richards JB, Gardner JP, Swaminathan R, Kimura M, Lu X, Aviv A, Spector TD. Telomere length in leukocytes correlates with bone mineral density and is shorter in women with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis Int 2007 Sep; 18 (9):1203-10 [PDF File]

Richards JB, Valdes AM, Burling K, Perks UC,Spector TD. Serum adiponectin and bone mineral density in women . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2007; 92(4):1517-1523 [PDF File]

Jamshidi Y, Snieder H, Ge D, Spector TD, O'Dell SD. The SH2B gene is associated with serum leptin and body fat in normal female twins. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007 Jan; 15(1):5-9 [PDF File]

Zhai G, Ding C, Cicuttine F, Jones G. A longitudinal study of the association between knee alignment and change in cartilage volume and chondral defects in a largely non-osteoarthritic population. Journal of Rheumatology 2007 Jan; 34 (1):181-6 [PDF File]

Livshits G, Kato BS, Zhai G, Hart DJ, Hunter D, MacGregor AJ, Williams FMK, Spector TD. Genomewide linkage scan of hand osteoarthritis in female twin pairs showing replication of quantitative trait loci on chromosome 2 and 19. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66 (5):623-7 [PDF File]

Knaapila A, Tuorila H, Silventoinen K, Keskitalo K, Kallela M, Wessman M, peltonen L, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, Perola M. Food neophobia shows heritable variation in humans. Physiol Behav 2007 Aug 15;91(5):573-8[PDF File]

Williams FM, Manek NJ, Sambrook PN, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Schmorl's nodes: Common, highly heritable, and related to lumbar disc disease. Arthritis Care & Research 2007; 57 (5):855-860 [PDF File]

Healey PR, Mitchell P, Gilbert CE, Lee AJ, Ge D, Snieder H, Spector TD, Hammond CJ. The inheritance of peripapillary atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 Jun; 48 (6):2529-34 [PDF File]

Mullin BH, Spector TD, Curtis CC, Ong GN, Hart DJ, Hakim AJ, Worthy T, Wilson SG. Polymorphisms in ALOX12, but not ALOX15, are significantly associated with BMD in postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007 Jul; 81 (1): 10-7 [PDF File]

Majava M, Bishop PN, Hagg P, Scott PG, Rice A, Inglehearn C, Hammond CJ, Spector TD, Ala-Kokko L, Mannikko M. Novel mutations in the small leucine-rich repeat protein/proteoglycan (SLRP) genes in high myopia. Hum Mutat 2007; 28 (4):336-44 [PDF File]

Menzel S, Garner C, Gut I, Matsuda F, Yamaguchi M, Heath S, Foglio M, Zelenika D, Boland A, Rooks H, Best S, Spector TD, Farrall M, Lathrop M, Thein SL. A QTL influencing F cell production maps to a gene encoding a Zinc-finger protein on chromososme 2p15. Nature Genetics 2007 Oct;39(10):1197-9 [PDF File]

Bataille V, Kato BS, Falchi M, Gardner J, Kimura M, Lens M, Perks U, Valdes AM, Bennett DC, Aviv A, Spector TD. Nevus size and number are associated with telomere length and represent potential markers of a decreased senescence in vivo. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1499-502 [PDF File]

Thein SL, Menzel S, Peng X, Best S, Jiang J, Close J, Silver N, Gerovasilli A,Ping C, Yamaguchi M, Wahlberg K, Ulug P, Spector TD, Garner C, Matsuda F, Farrall M, Lathrop M. Intergenic variants of HBS1L-MYB are responsible for a major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 6q23 influencing fetal hemoglobin levels in adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jul 3;104(27):11346-51 [PDF File]

Jamshidi Y, Kyriakou T, Gooljar SB, Collins LJ, Lane CA, Snieder H, Wang X, Spector TD, O'dell SD. Common STAT3 Variants Are Not Associated With Obesity or Insulin Resistance in Female Twins. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007 Jul;15(7):1634-1639 [PDF File]

Prainsack B, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. Attitudes towards human reproductive cloning, assisted reproduction and gene selection: a survey of 4600 British twins. Hum Reprod. 2007 Aug;22 (8):2302-8 [PDF File]

Bruyere O, Roux C, Detilleux J, Slosman DO, Spector TD, Fardellone P, Brixen K, Devogelaer JP, Diaz-Curiel M, Albanese C, Kaufman JM, Pors-Nielsen S, Reginster JY. Relationship between bone mineral density changes and fracture risk reduction in patients treated with strontium ranelate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug; 92(8):3076-81 [PDF File]

Perola M, Sammalisto S, Hiekkalinna T, Martin NG, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW, Benyamin B, Harris JR, Boomsma D, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, Christensen K, Kyvik KO, Sorensen TI, Pedersen NL, Magnusson PK, Spector TD, Widen E, Silventoinen K, Kaprio J, Palotie A, Peltonen L; GenomEUtwin Project. Combined Genome Scans for Body Stature in 6,602 European Twins: Evidence for Common Caucasian Loci. PLoS Genet. 2007 Jun 8;3(6):e97 [PDF File]

Livshits G, Kato BS, Wilson SG, Spector TD. Linkage of genes to total lean body mass in normal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug; 92(8):3171-6 [PDF File]

Zhang F, Kato BS, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Spector TD, Ahmadi KR. Lack of association between leukocyte telomere length and genetic variants in two ageing-related candidate genes. Mech Ageing Dev. 2007 Jul-Aug; 128 (7-8):415-22 [PDF File]

Zhai G, Valdes AM, Cherkas L, Clement G, Strachan D, Spector TD.The Interaction of Genes and Smoking on Forced Expiratory Volume: A Classic Twin Study. Chest 2007 Dec; 132 (6):1772-7 [PDF File]

Menzel S, Jiang J, Silver N, Gallagher J, Cunningham J, Surdulescu G, Lathrop M, Farrall M, Spector TD, Thein SL. The HBS1L - MYB intergenic region on chromosome 6q23.3 influences erythrocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts in humans. Blood. 2007 Aug 21(in press)

Teucher B, Skinner J, Skidmore PM, Cassidy A, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Hooper L, Roe MA, Foxall R, Oyston SL, Cherkas LF, Perks UC, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Dietary patterns and heritability of food choice in a UK female twin cohort. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Oct; 10 (5):734-48 [PDF File]

Siva A, De Lange M, Clayton D, Monteith S, Spector TD, Brown MJ. The heritability of plasma homocysteine, and the influence of genetic variation in the homocysteine methylation pathway. QJ Med. 2007 Aug;100 (8):495-9

Chinappen-Horsley U, Blake GM, Fogelman I, Spector TD. A Method for Determining Skeletal Lengths from DXA Images. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007 Nov 16;8(1):113

Barwell J, Pangon L, Georgiou A, Docherty Z, Kesterton I, Ball J, Camplejohn R, Berg J, Aviv A, Gardner J, Kato BS, Carter N, Paximadas D, Spector TD, Hodgson S. Is telomere length in peripheral blood lymphocytes correlated with cancer susceptibility or radiosensitivity? Br J Cancer. 2007 Dec 17; 97 (12):1696-700 [PDF File]

Krzeski P, Buckland-Wright C, Balint G, Cline GA, Stoner K, Lyon R, Beary J, Aronstein WS, Spector TD. Development of musculoskeletal toxicity without clear benefit after administration of PG 116800, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, to patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, 12 month, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007 Oct 24;9(5):R109 [PDF File]

Snieder H, Wang X, Shiri-Sverdlov R, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Hofker MH, Perks U, Spector TD, O'Dell SD. TUB is a candidate gene for late-onset obesity in women. Diabetologia. 2008 Jan;51(1):54-61.

Williams FM, Spector TD. The genetics of osteoporosis. Acta Reumatol Port. 2007 Jul-Sep;32(3):231-40.[PDF File]

Carter AM, Cymbalista CM, Spector TD, Grant PJ; EuroCLOT Investigators. Heritability of clot formation, morphology, and lysis: the EuroCLOT study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007 Dec;27(12):2783-9. [PDF File]

Norbury TA, MacGregor AJ, Urwin J, Spector TD, McMahon SB. Heritability of responses to painful stimuli in women: a classical twin study. Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):3041-9. [PDF File]

De Lange M, Andrew T, Snieder H, Ge D, Futers TS, Standeven K, Spector TD, Grant PJ, Ariens RAS. Joint linkage and association of 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the factor XIII-A subunit gene point to V34L as the main functional locus . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006 Aug; 26 (8):1914-9

Reavley CM, Golding JF, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Genetic influences on motion sickness susceptibility in adult women: a classical twin study. Aviat Space Environ Med 2006 Nov; 77 (11): 1148-52

Spector TD, Williams FM.The UK Adult Twin Registry (TwinsUK). Twin Reserch and Human Genetics 2006; 9 (6): 899-906 [PDF]

Majava M, Bishop PN, Hagg P, Scott PG, Rice A, Inglehearn C, Hammond CJ, Spector TD, Ala -Kokko L, Mannikko M. Novel mutations in the small leucine-rich repeat protein/proteoglycan (SLRP) genes in high myopia . Hum Mutat 2006 Nov 20; 28 (4):336-344

Harding B, Curley AJ, Hannan FM, Christie PT, Bowl MR, Turner JJO, Barber M, Gillham-Nasenya I, Hampson G, Spector TD, Thakker RV. Functional characterization of calcium sensing receptor polymorphisms and absence of association with indices of calcium homeostasis and bone mineral density. Clinical Endocrinology 2006;65:598-605 [PDF File]

Williams FMK, Spector TD. Osteoarthritis. Medicine 2006; 34 (9): 364-368 [PDF File]

Falchi M, Spector TD, Perks U, Kato BS, Bataille V. Genome-wide search for nevus density shows linkage to two melanoma loci on chromosome 9 and identifies a new QTL on 5q31 in an adult twin cohort. Human Molecular Genetics 2006; 15 (20):2975-9 [PDF File]

Zhai G, Aviv A, Hunter DJ, Hart DJ, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Lu X, Valdes AM, Spector TD. Reduction of leukocyte telomere length in radiographic hand osteoarthritis: a population based study. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65 (11):1444-1448 [PDF File]

Skidmore PML, Cassidy A, Swaminathan R, Falchi M, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Intrauterine, environmental, and genetic influences in the relationship between birth weight and lipids in a female twin cohort. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol 2006; 26(10):2373-9 [PDF File]

Camplejohn RS, Hodgson S, Carter N, Kao BS, Spector TD. Heritability of DNA-damage-induced apoptosis and its relationship with age in lymphocytes from female twins. British Journal of Cancer 2006; 95:520-524.[PDF File]

Aviv A, Valdes A, Spector TD. Human telomere biology: pitfalls of moving from the laboratory to epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology 2006 Dec; 35:1424-1429 [PDF File]

Bingham CO, Buckland-Wright JC, Garnero P, Cohen SB, Dougados M, Adami S, Clauw DJ, Spector TD, Pelletier JP, Raynauld JP, Strand V, Simon LS, Meyer JM, Cline GA, Beary JF. Risedronate decreases biochemical markers of cartilage degradation but does not decrease symptoms or slow x-ray progression in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee: results of the two-year multinational knee OA structural arthritis (KOSTAR) study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2006 Nov; 54(11):3494-507 [PDF File]

Jamshidi Y, Snieder H, Wang X, Pavitt MJ, Spector TD, Carter ND, O'Dell SD. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 alpha regulatory subunit gene PIK3R1 haplotype is associated with body fat and serum leptin in a female twin population. Diabetology 2006 Nov;49 (11):2659-2667 [PDF File]

Spencer-Jones NJ, Ge D, Snieder H, Perks U, Swaminathan R, Spector TD, Carter ND, O'Dell SD. AMP-Kinase ALPHA2 subunit gene PRKAA2 variants are associated with total LDL and HDL-cholesterol normal females. J Med Genet 2006; 43 (12): 936-42 [PDF File]

Cherkas LF, Aviv A, Valdes AM, Hunkin JL, Gardner JP, Surdulescu GL, Kimura M, Spector TD. The effects of social status on biological ageing as measured by white cell telomere length. Aging Cell 2006; 5 (5): 361-365 [PDF File]

Prainsack B, Spector TD, Cherkas L. The cloning experience: twins and human reproductive cloning. Social Science and Medicine 2006;63:2739-2752 [PDF File]

Williams FM, Spector TD. Recent advances in the genetics of osteoporosis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2006; 6(1): 27-35 [PDF File]

Need AC, Ahmadi KR, Spector TD, Goldstein DB. Obesity is associated with genetic variants that alter dopamine availability . Ann Hum Genet 2006;70 (Pt3): 293-303

Hasset G, Hart DJ, Doyle D, March L, Spector TD. The relationship of progressive osteoarthritis of the knee and long-term progression of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip and lumbar spine. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(5): 623-8. [PDF File]

Jiang J, Best S, Menzel S, Silver N, Lai MI, Surdulescu Gl, Spector TD, Thein SL. cMYB is involved in the regulation of fetal hemoglobin production in adults. Blood 2006; 108 (3):1077-1083. [PDF File]

De Lange M, Andrew T, Snieder H, Ge D, Futers TS, Standeven K, Spector TD, Grant PJ, Ariens RAS. Joint linkage and association of 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the factor XIII-A subunit gene point to V34L as the main functional locus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 1914-1919. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Ahmadi KR, Valdes AM. When is a replication not a replication? Or how to spot a good genetic association study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2006; 54 (4): 1051-1054. [PDF File]

Paul SN, Kato BS, Cherkas LF, Andrew T, Spector TD. Heritability of the second to fourth digit ratio (2d:4d): A twin study. Twin Research and Human Genetics 2006; 9 (2): 215-219 [PDF File]

Valdes A, Van Oene M, Hart DJ, Surdulescu GL, Loughlin J, Doherty M, Spector TD. Reproducible genetic associations between candidate genes and clinical knee osteoarthritis in men and women. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2006; 54 (2): 533-539 [PDF File]

Wilson S, Adam G, Langdown M, Reneland R, Braun A, Andrew T, Surdulescu GL, Norberg M, Dudbridge F, Reed PW, Sambrook P, Kleyn PW, Spector TD. Linkage and potential association of obesity-related phenotypes with two genes on chromosome 12q24 in female dizygous twin cohort. European Journal of Human Genetics 2006; 14: 340-348. [PDF File]

Garner C, Best S, Menzel S, Rooks H, Spector TD, Thein SL. Two candidate genes for low platelet count identified in an Asian indian kindred by genome-wide linkage analysis: glycoprotein IX and thrombopoietin. European Journal of Human Genetics 2006 ; 14 (1): 101-8.

Andrew T, Aviv A, Falchi M, Surdulescu GL, Gardner JP, LU X, Kimura M, Kato BS, Valdes AM, Spector TD. Mapping genetic loci that determine leukocyte telomere length in a large sample of unselected female sib-pairs. American Journal of Human Genetics. January 2006; 78 (3):480-6. [PDF File]

Sutcliffe A, Spoudeas HA, Devaki N, Bouloux P, Oliver T, Sambrook P, Bannister W, Lambalk CB, Spector TD. Comparison of serum FSH and inhibin B levels between adult male dizygotic and monozygotic twins. Human Reproduction 2006; 21: 447-450.[PDF File]

Jamshidi Y, Snieder H, Wang X, Spector TD. Common polymorphisms in SOCS3 are not associated with body weight, insulin sensitivity or lipid profile in normal female twins. Diabetologia 2006; 49 (2): 306-310. [PDF File]

Singer JJ, MacGregor AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. Genetic influences on cognitive function using The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Intelligence 2006; 34:421-428 [PDF File]

Liew SH, Gilbert CE, Spector TD, Mellerio M, Kuijk FJ, Beatty S, Fitzke F, Marshall J, Hammond CJ. Central retinal thickness is positively correlated with macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res. 2006; 82 (5): 915-20. [PDF File]

Aviv A, Valdes AM, Gardner JP, Swaminatahan R, Kimura M, Spector TD. Menopause modifies the association of telomere length in white blood cells with insulin resistance in normal females. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006; 91 (2): 635-40. [PDF File]

Spector TD. Doxycycline and osteoarthritis: what does it show us? Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 2006; 2 (2):66-7 [PDF File]

Spector TD, Reneland RH, Mah S, Valdes AM, Hart DJ, Kammerer S, Langdown M, Hoyal CR, Atienza J, Doherty M, Rahman P, Nelson MR, Braun A. Association between a variation in LRCH1 and knee osteoarthritis: A genome-wide SNP association study using DVA pooling. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2006; 54 (2): 524-32. [PDF File]

Blake GM, Knapp KM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Predicting the risk of fracture at any site in the skeleton: are all bone mineral density measurement sites equally effective? Calcif Tissue Int. 2006; 78 (1): 9-17. [PDF File]

Williams FMK, Andrew T, Saxne T, Heinegard D, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. The heritable determinants of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP). Arthritis & Rheumatism 2006;54 (7):2147-51 [PDF File]

Maheu E, Altman RD, Bloch DA, Doherty M, Hochberg M, Mannoni A, Punzi L, Spector TD, Verbruggen G, Carr A, Cicuttini F, Dreiser RL, Haraoui BP, Hart D, Pelletier JP, Ramonda R, Rovati L. Design and conduct of clinical trials in patients with osteoarthritis of the hand: recommendations from a task force of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage 2006; 14: 303-322. [PDF File]

Paul SN, Kato BS, Hunkin JL, Vivekanandan S, Spector TD. The big finger: the second to fourth digit ratio is a predictor of sporting ability in women. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2006 Dec; 40 (12):981-3 [PDF File]

Cohen RM, Snieder H, Lindsell CJ, Beyan H, Hawa MI, Blinko S, Edwards R, Spector TD, Leslie RDG. Evidence for independent heritability of the glycation gap (glycosylation gap) fraction of HbA1c in nondiabetic twins. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (8):1739-1743 [PDF File]

Singer JJ, Falchi M, MacGregor AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. Genome-wide scan for prospective memory suggests linkage to chromosome 12q22. Behav Genet 2006 Jan; 36 (1):18-28. [PDF File]

Williams FM, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. The effect of moderate alcohol consumption on bone mineral density: a study of female twins. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005 Feb;64 (2):309-10 [PDF File]

Garner C, Menzel S, Martin N, Best S, Spector TD, Thein SL. Interacion between two quantitatie trait loci affects fetal haemoglobin expression. Annals of Human Genetics 2005; 69: 707-714. [PDF File]

Spector TD. Strontium Ranelate (Protelos): new option in osteoporosis. Prescriber 2005; 16 (21): 21-27. [PDF File]

Hassett G, Hart DJ, Doyle D, March L, Spector TD. The realtionship of progressive osteoarthritis of the knee and long-term progression of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip and lumbar spine. Ann Rheum Dis 2005 [PDF File]

Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, Spector TD, Trudgill NJ. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2005 Jun;100 (6):1340-4

Maheu E, Cadet C, Marty M, Dougados M, Ghabri S, Kerloch I, Mazieres B, Spector TD, Vignon E, Lequesne MG. Reproducibility and sensibility to change of various methods to measure joint space width in osteoarthritis of the hip: a double reading of three different radiographic views taken with a three-year interval. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2005; 7 (6): R1375-85. [PDF File]

Toh TY, Liew SHM, Mackinnon JR, Hewitt AW, Poulsen JL, Spector TD, Gilbert CE, Craig JE, Hammond CJ, Mackey DA. Central corneal thickness is highly heritable: The twin eye study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005; 46 (10): 3718-3722. [PDF File]

Falchi M, Andrew T, Snieder H, Swaminathan R, Surdulescu G, Spector TD. The identification of QTLs for serum lipid levels in a female sib-pair cohort. A novel application to improve the power of two-locus linkage analysis. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14 (20): 2971-9 [PDF File]

Roberts SC, Gosling LM, Spector TD, Miller P, Penn DJ, Petrie M. Body odour similarity in noncohabiting twins. Chemical Senses 2005; 30 (8): 651-6. [PDF File]

Liew SHM, Gilbery CE, Spector TD, Mellerio J, Marshall J, Van Kuijk FJGM, Beatty S, Fitzke F, Hammond CJ. Heritability of macular pigment: a twin study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 2005; 46 (12): 4430-4436 [PDF File]

Spencer-Jones NJ, Snieder H, Wang X, Miller CSA, Spector TD, Carter ND, O'Dell SD. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene PTPN1: Selection of tagging SNPs and association with body fat, insulin sensitivity and the metabolic syndrome in a normal female population. Diabetes 2005; 54: 3296-3304. [PDF File]

Smith AJ, Gidley J, Sandy JR, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Spector TD, Doherty M, Bidwell JL, Mansell JP. Haplotypes of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene: Are they a risk factor in osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005 Jul; 13 (7): 608-13. [PDF File]

Andrew T, Antoniades L, Scurrah KJ, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. The risk of wrist fracture in women is heritable and is influenced by genes that are largely independent of those influencing bone mineral density. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2005, 20 (1): 67-74. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Conaghan PG, Buckland-Wright JC, Garnero P, Cline GA, Beary JF, Valent DJ, Meyer JM. Effect of risedronate on joint structure and symptoms of knee osteoarthritis: results of the BRISK randomised controlled trial. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2005.; 7 (3): R625-33. [PDF File]

Martin F, Hart DJ, Spector TD, doyle DV, Hararai D. Fear of Falling Limiting Activity in Young-Old Women is Associated with Reduced Functional Mobility rather than Psychological Factors. Age and Ageing 2005 May; 34 (3): 281-7. [PDF File]

Williams FM, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. The effect of moderate alcohol consumption on bone mineral density: a study of female twins. Ann Rheum Dis. Feb 2005; 64(2):309-310. [PDF File]

Reneland RH, Mah S, Kammerer S, Hoyal CR, Marnellos G, Wilson SG, Sambrook PN, Spector TD, Nelson MR, Braun A. Association between a variation in the phosphodiesteraseD gene and bone mineral density. BMC Medical Genetics 2005,Mar 7; 6 (1): 9. [PDF File]

NG MYM, Andrew T, Spector TD, Jeffery S. Linkage to the FOXC2 region of chromosome 16 for varicose veins in otherwise healthy, unselected sibling pairs. J Med Genet 2005; 42:235-239 [PDF File]

Dunn KM, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. Genetic influences on variation in female sexual function. A twin study. Biology Letters (The Royal Society) 2005;1 (3): 260-263. [PDF File]

Liew SH, Elsner H, Spector TD, Hammond CJ. The first "Classical" Twin Study? Analysis of refractive error using monozygotic and dizygotic twins published in 1922. Twin Research Hum Genet 2005; Jun 8 (3): 198-200. [PDF File]

Chen Y, Snieder H, Wang X, Kaviya B, McCaffrey C, Spector TD, Carter ND, O'Dell SD. Proopiomelanocortin gene variants are associated with serum leptin and body fat in a normal female population. Eur J Hum Genet. 2005 Jun; 13 (6): 772-80. [PDF File]

Valdes A, Andrew T, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Oelsner E, Cherkas L, Aviv A, Spector TD. Increased body mass and cigarette smoking are associated with short telomeres in women. The Lancet 2005; 366 (9486): 662-4 [PDF File]

Mohamed I Cherkas LF, Riley SA, Spector TD, Trudgill NJ. Genetic influences in irritable bowel syndrome: a twin study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 June; 100 (6): 1340-4. [PDF File]

Singer JJ, MacGregor AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD. Where did I leave my keys? A twin study of self-reported memory ratings using the multifactorial memory questionnaire. Twin Res Hum Genet 2005 Apr; 8 (2): 108-12. [PDF File]

Valdes A, Hassett G, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Radiographic progression of lumbar spine disc degeneration is influenced by variation at inflammatory genes: a candidate SNP association study in the chingford cohort. Spine 2005;30 (21): 2445-2451. [PDF File]

Fraga M, Ballestar E, Paz MF, Ropero S, Setien F, Ballestar ML, Sanchez-Aguilera A, Ling C, Carlsson E, Poulsen P, Vaag A, Stephan Z, Spector TD, Wu Y, Plass C, Esteller M. Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. PNAS 2005; 102 (30): 10604-9. [PDF File]

2004

Altman RD, Bloch D.A, Dougados M, Hochberg M, Lohmander S, Pavelka K, Spector TD, Vignon E. Measurement of structural progression in osteoarthritis of the hip: the Barcelona consensus group. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2004, 12: 515-524. [PDF File]

Spector TD. Strontium Ranelate: the first drug in a new class for osteoporosis. Future Prescriber 2004, 5 (2): 13-16

Spector TD, Ralston SH. Genetic factors in osteoporosis. Medicographia 2004 3 (26): 221-226.

Cherkas LF, Oelsner E, Mak YT, Valdes A, Spector TD. Genetic influences on female infidelity and number of sexual partners in humans: A linkage and association study of the role of the vasopreswsin receptor gene (AVPR1A). Twin Research 2004, 7 (6): 649-58 [PDF File]

de Lange M, Spector TD, Andrew T. Genome-Wide Scan for Blood Pressure Suggests Linkage to Chromosome 11, andReplication of Loci on 16, 17, and 22. Hypertension 2004 Dec;44 (6):872-7 [PDF File]

Williams MK, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. A common genetic factor underlies hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2004 Nov 1;4 (1):20 [PDF File]

Spector TD. Osteoporosis - NICE sets new challenges for London. Capital Doctor Sept 2004, 36:22.

Greenfield JR, Samaras K, Jenkins AB, Kelly PJ, Spector TD, and Campbel LV. Do gene-environment interactions influence fasting plasma lipids? A study of twins.Eur J Clin Invest, Sep 1, 2004; 34(9): 590-8.

Hammond CJ, Andrew T, Tat Mak Y, Spector TD. A susceptibility locus for myopia in the normal population is linked to the PAX6 gene region on chromosome 11: a genomewide scan of dizygotic twins. Am J Hum Genet. Aug 2004; 75(2):294-304. [PDF File]

Hakim AJ, Cherkas LF, Grahame R, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. The genetic epidemiology of joint hypermobility: a population study of female twins. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2004; 50(8):2640-4.

Valdes AM, Hart DJ, Jones KA, Surdulescu G, Swarbrick P, Doyle DV, Schafer AJ, Spector TD. Association study of candidate genes for the prevalence and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. Aug 2004; 50(8):2497-507. [PDF File]

Dong Y, Zhu H, Wang X, Dalageorgou C, Carter N, Spector TD, Snieder H. Obesity reveals an association between blood pressure and the G-protein beta3-subunit gene: a study of female dizygotic twins. Pharmacogenetics Jul 2004; 14(7): 419-427. [PDF File]

Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, Ortolani S, Badurski JE, Spector TD, Cannata J, Balogh A, Lemmel EM, Pors-Nielsen S, Rizzoli R, Genant HK, Reginster JY. The Effects of Strontium Ranelate on the Risk of Vertebral Fracture in Women With Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Jul 2004; 59(7):526-527. [PDF File]

Garner C, Silver N, Best S, Menzel S, Martin C, Spector TD, Thein SL. A Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 8q Influences the Switch From Fetal to Adult Hemoglobin. Blood 2004 Oct 1;104 (7):2184-6 [PDF File]

Smith AJ, Keen LJ, Billingham MJ, Perry MJ, Elson CJ, Kirwan JR, Sims JE,Doherty M, Spector TD, Bidwell JL. Extended haplotypes and linkage disequilibrium in the IL1R1-IL1A-IL1B-IL1RN gene cluster: association with knee osteoarthritis.Genes Immun. Jun 10, 2004. [PDF File]

Greenfield JR, Samaras K, Jenkins AB, Kelly PJ, Spector TD, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB, Campbell LV. Obesity Is an Important Determinant of Baseline Serum C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Monozygotic Twins, Independent of Genetic Influences. Circulation. Jun 2004; 109(24):3022-8

Mak YT, Hampson G, Beresford JD, Spector TD. Variations in genome-wide gene expression in identical twins - a study of primary osteoblast-like culture from female twins discordant for osteoporosis.BMC Genet. Jun 4, 2004. [PDF File]

Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Can the WHO definition of osteoporosis be applied to multi-site axial transmission quantitative ultrasound? Osteoporos Int. May 2004;15(5):367-74.

Spector TD, Selby PL. Strontium ranelate: a new treatment for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis review 2004, 12 (4): 08-10. [PDF File]

Desai Anup V, Cherkas Lynn F, Spector Tim D, Williams Adrian J. Genetic Influences in Self-Reported Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Restless Legs: A Twin Study. Twin Research 2004; 7(6):589-595.[PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Andrew T, Sambrook PN, Spector TD. Structural, Psychological, and genetic influences on low back and neck pain: A study of adult female twins. Arthritis Rheum. Apr 15, 2004; 51(2):160-7. [PDF File]

Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: Genetics. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2004, 12 Suppl A: S39-44.[PDF File]

Dunn EJ, Ariens RA, De Lange M, Snieder H, Turney JH, Spector TD, Grant PJ. Genetics of fibrin clot structure: A twin study. Blood Mar 1, 2004; 103(5):1735-40 [PDF File]

Van Den Oord EJ, MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Spector TD. Modeling with measured genotypes: effects of the vitamin d receptor gene, age,and latent genetic and environmental factors on bone mineral density. Behav Genet. Mar 2004; 34(2):197-206. [PDF File]

Wilson SG, Reed PW, Andrew T, Barber MJ, Lindersson M, Langdown M, Thompson D, Thompson E, Bailey M, Chiano M, Kleyn PW, Spector TD. A genome-screen of a large twin cohort reveals linkage for quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus to 2q33-37 and 4q12-21. J Bone Miner Res. Feb 2004; 19(2):270-7

Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, Ortolani S, Badurski JE, Spector TD, Cannata J, Balogh A, Lemmel EM, Pors-Nielsen S, Rizzoli R, Genant HK, Reginster JY. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. Jan 29, 2004; 350(5):459-68.[PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Gallimore JR, Spector TD, Pepys MB. Genetic Effects on Baseline Values of C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A Protein: A Comparison of Monozygotic and Dizygotic. Twins.Clin Chem. Jan 2004; 50(1):130-4

2003

Ahmadi KU, Lanchbury JS, Reed P, Chiano M, Thompson D, Galley M, LineA, Lank E, Wong HJ, Strachan D, Spector TD. Novel association suggest multiple independent QTLs within chromosome 5q21-33 region control variation in total humans IgE levels. Genes Immun 2003; 4 (4): 289-97

Antoniades L, MacGregor AJ, Andrew T, Spector TD. Association of Birth Weight with Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis in Adult twins.Rheumatology 2003;42(6):791-796 [PDF File]

Dolan AL, Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Grahame R, Spector TD. The relationship of joint hypermobility, bone mineral density and osteoarthritis in the general population: the Chingford Study. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30(4):799-803

Greenfield JR, Samaras K, Jenkins AB, Kelly PJ, Spector TD, Campbell LV. Moderate alcohol consumption, estrogen replacement therapy, and physical activity are associated with increased insulin sensitivity: Is abdominal adiposity the mediator? Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (10): 2734-2740.[PDF File]

Greenfield JR, Samaras K, Campbell LV, Jenkins AB, Kelly PJ, Spector TD, Hayward CS. Physical activity reduces genetic susceptibility to increased central systolic pressure augmentation: A study of female twins. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42 (2): 264-70.

Hakim AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Genetic Associations between Frozen Shoulder and Tennis Elbow: A Female Twin Study. Rheumatology 2003;42(6):739-742 [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Spector TD. Kellgren & Lawrence grade 1 osteophytes in the knee -doubtful or definite? Osteo Cartilage 2003 11(2):149-150 [PDF File]

Hunter DJ, Hart DJ, Snieder H, Bettica P, Swaminathan R, Spector TD. Evidence of Altered Bone Turnover, Vitamin D and Calcium Regulation with Knee Osteoarthritis in Female Twins. Rheumatology 2003; 42 (11): 1311-6.

Knapp KM, Andrew T, MacGregor AJ, Blake GM, Fogelman I, Spector TD. An investigation of unique and shared gene effects on speed of sound and bone density using axial transmission quantitative ultrasound and DXA in twins. Journal and Bone and Mineral Research, 2003,18 (8): 1525-1530 [PDF File]

Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Differential effects of hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density and axial transmission ultrasound measurements in cortical bone. Osteoporosis International 2003; 14 (4): 289-94

Leslie RD, Beyan H, Sawtell P, Boehm BO, Spector TD, Snieder H. Level of an advanced glycated end product is genetically determined. A study of normal twins. Diabetes, 2003, 52: 2441-2444 [PDF File]

Manek NJ, Spector TD, Hart D, MacGregor AJ. The association of body mass index and osteoarthritis of the knee joint: an examination of genetic and environmental influences. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2003,48(4):1024-9 [PDF File]

Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, Spector TD, Trudgill NJ. Genetic influences in gastro-oesophageas reflux disease: A twin study GUT 2003; 52: 1085-1089.

Rijsdijk FV, Snieder H, Ormel J, Sham P, Goldberg DP, Spector TD. Genetic and environmental influences on psychological distress in the population: General Health Questionnaire analyses in UK twins. Psychological Medicine, 2003; 33, 793-801 [PDF File]

Smyth AE, MacGregor AJ, Mukerjee D, Brough GM, Black CM, Denton CP.. A cross-sectional comparison of three self-reported functional indices in scleroderma. Rheumatology 2003; 42:732-738 [PDF File]

Wilson SG, Reed PW, Bansal A, Chiano M, Lindersson M, Langdown M, Prince RL, Thompson D, Thompson E, Bailey M, Kleyn PW, Sambrook P, Shi MM, Spector TD. Comparisons of Genome Screens for two independent cohorts provides replication of suggestive linkage of bone mineral density to 3p21 and 1p36. American Journal of Human genetics, 2003;72:144-155. [PDF File]

Mulder EJ, Van Baal C, Gaist D, Kallela M, Kaprio J, Svensson DA, Nyholt DR, Martin NG, MacGregor AJ, Cherkas LF, Boomsma DI, Palotie A. Genetic and enviromental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries. Twin Research 2003; 6 (5): 422-431 [PDF File]

Bonjour D, Cherkas L, Haskel J, Hawkes K, Spector T. Retuns to education: Evidence from UK twins. Centre for the Economics of Education 2003 December;93 (5):1799-1812. [PDF File]

2002

Andrew T, Mak YT, Reed P, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Association of Heel Ultrasound Measurements, Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers with the Osteocalcin Gene in Female Dizygotic Twins. Osteoporosis International 2002 Sep;13(9):745-54 [pdf file]

Arden NK, Major P, Poole JR, Keen RW, Vaja S, Swaminathan R, Cooper C, Spector TD. Size at birth, adult intestinal calcium absorption and 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D. QJM 2002 Jan;95(1):15-21 [PDF File]

Ariens RA, de Lange M, Snieder H, Boothby M, Spector TD, Grant PJ. Activation markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in twins: Heritability of the prethrombotic state. Lancet 2002 Feb 23;359(9307):667-71 [PDF File]

Bettica, Cline, Hart, Meyer, Spector. Evidence for Increased Bone Resorption in Patients with Progressive Knee OA: Longitudinal Results from the Chingford Study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2002 Dec;46(12):3178-84 [PDF File]

Chan LYS, Lam CW, Mak YT, Tomlinson B, Tsang MW, Baum L, Masarei JRL and Pang CP. Genotype-phenotype studies of six novel LPL mutations in Chinese patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Hum Mutation, 2002; 20:232-3.

Edwards CJ, Spector TD. Statins as modulators of bone formation. Arthritis Research 2002;4(3):151-3 [PDF File]

Gillaspy, Spreckley, Doherty, Spector, Wallis. Investigation of linkage between chromosome 2q and osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002 Dec;46(12):3386-7 [PDF File]

Hakim A, Cherkas L, El Zayat S, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. The genetic contribution to carpal tunnel syndrome in women: A twin study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2002 Jun 15;47(3):275-9 [PDF File]

Hammond CJ, Webster AR, Snieder H, Bird AC, Gilbert CE, Spector TD. Genetic influence on early age-related maculopathy: A twin study. Ophthalmology. 2002 Apr;109(4):730-736 [PDF File]

Hart D J, Cronin C, Daniels M, Worthy T, Doyle DV, Spector TD. The relationship of bone density and fracture to incident and progressive radiographic knee osteoarthritis: The Chingford Study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2002;46: 92-99 [PDF File]

Hunter, de Lange, Snieder, MacGregor, Swaminathan, Thakker, Spector. Genetic contribution of renal function and electrolyte balance: a twin study. Clinical Science 2002 Sep 1;103(3):259-65 [PDF File]

Kawano, Ogata, Chiano, Molloy, Kleyn, Spector, Uchida, Hosoi, Suzuki, Orimo, Inoue, Nabeshima, Nakamura, Kuro-o, Kawaguchi. Klotho Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Bone Density of Aged Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2002 Oct;17(10):1744-51 [PDF File]

Knapp KM, Blake GM, Fogelman I, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Multisite Quantitative Ultrasound: Colles' Fracture Discrimination in Postmenopausal Women. Osteoporosis International 2002;13(6):474-9 [PDF File]

Lee RL, Dacre JE, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Femoral neck trabecular patterns predict osteoporotic fractures. Med Phys. 2002 Jul;29(7):1391-6

Middelberg RP, Spector TD, Swaminathan R, Snieder H. Genetic and environmental influences on lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins: effects of menopause. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Jul 1;22(7):1142-7 [PDF File]

Naganathan V, MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Nguyen T, Spector T, Sambrook P. Gender differences in the genetic influences on bone density and bone quality. Journal of Bone Mineral Research J Bone Miner Res 2002 Apr;17(4):725-33 [PDF File]

Spector, MacGregor. The St Thomas' UK Adult Twin Registry. Twin Research 2002;5(5):440-443 [PDF File]

2001

Ahmadi KR, Hall MA, Norman P, Vaughan RW, Snieder H, Spector TD, Lanchbury JS. Genetic determinism in the relationship between human CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T lymphocyte populations? Genes Immun 2001;2(7):381-7.

Andrew T, Hart DJ, Snieder H, de Lange M, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Are twins and singletons comparable? A study of disease-related and lifestyle characteristics in adult women. Twin Research 2001 Dec;4(6):464-77 [PDF File]

Antoniades L, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. The genetic contribution to hip joint morphometry and relationship to hip cartilage thickness. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2001;9(6):593-5. [PDF File]

Baird J, Osmond C, MacGregor A, Snieder H, Hales CN, Phillips DIW. Testing the tetal origins hypothesis in twins: the Birmingham twin study. Diabetologia 2001;44:33-39 [PubMed].

Bataille V, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Sasieni P, Spector TD. The influence of genetics and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of acne: A twin study of acne in women. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Dec;119(6):1317-22[PDF File]

Cherkas LF, Howell K, Carter L, Black CM, MacGregor AJ The use of portable radiometry to assess Raynaud's phenomenon: a practical alternative to thermal imaging. Rheumatology (Oxford)2001 Dec;40 (12):1384-7 [PDF File]

Czarny-Ratajczak M, Lohiniva J, Rogala P, Kozlowski K, Perala M, Carter L, Spector TD, Kolodziej L, Seppanen U, Glazar R, et al. A mutation in col9a1 causes multiple epiphyseal dysplasia: further evidence for locus heterogeneity. Am J Hum Genet 2001;69(5):969-80. [PDF File]

de Lange M, Snieder H, Ariens RA, Spector TD, Grant PJ. The genetics of haemostasis: A twin study. Lancet 2001;357(9250):101-105. [PDF File]

Dennison EM, Arden NK, Keen RW, Syddall H, Day IN, Spector TD, Cooper C. Birthweight, vitamin D receptor genotype and the programming of osteoporosis. Paediatric & Perinatal Epidemiology 2001 Jul;15(3):207 [PDF File]

Drake WM, Rodriguez-Arnao J, Weaver JU, James IT, Coyte D, Spector TD, Besser GM, Monson JP. The influence of gender on the short and long-term effects of growth hormonal replacement on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in hypopituitar adults: a 5-year study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;54 (4):525-532. [PDF File]

Drayna D, Manichaikul A, de Lange M, Snieder H, Spector TD. Genetic correlates of musical pitch recognition in humans. Science 2001;291:1969-72 [PDF File]

Edwards CJ, Russell RG, Spector TD. Statins and bone: myth or reality? Calcif Tissue Int 2001;69(2):63-6. [PDF File]

Hammond CJ, Duncan DD, Snieder H, de Lange M, West SK, Spector TD, Gilbert CE. The heritability of age-related cortical cataract: The twin eye study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 200142(3):601-605. [PDF File]

Hammond CJ, Snieder H, Gilbert CE, Spector TD. Genes and environment in refractive error: the twin eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001; 42 (6):1232-1236. [PDF File]

Hunter D, de Lange M, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Swaminathan R, Thakker RV, Spector TD. Genetic contribution to bone metabolism, calcium excretion and vitamin D and parathyroid hormone regulation Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2001;16(2):371-378. [PDF File]

Hunter DJ, de Lange M, Andrew T, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Genetic Variation in Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Calcaneal Ultrasound: A Study of the Influence of Menopause using Female Twins. Osteoporosis International 2001;12(5):406-11.[PDF File]

Jenkins AB, Samaras K, Gordon MS, Snieder H, Spector TD, Campbell LV. Lack of heritability of circulating leptin concentration in humans after adjustment for body size and adiposity using a psychological approach. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001 Nov;25(11):1625-32

Keen RW, Snieder H, Molloy H, Daniels J, Chiano M, Gibson F, Fairbairn L, Smith P, MacGregor AJ, Gewert D, Spector TD. Evidence of association and linkage disequilibrium between a novel polymorphism in the transforming growth factor b1 gene and hip bone mineral density: a study of female twins. Rheumatology 2001;40:48-54 [PDF File]

Knapp KM, Blake GM, Spector TD, Fogelman I. Multisite quantative ultrasound: precision, age- and menopause-related changes, fracture discrimination, and T-score equivalence with dual-enery X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporosis International 2001; 12 (6): 456-464.

Millard TP, Antoniades L, Evans AV, Smith HR, Spector TD, Barker JN. Bone mineral density of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2001;26(5):446-8. [PDF File]

Snieder H, Sawtell PA, Ross L, Walker J, Spector TD, Leslie RD. HbA(1c) Levels Are Genetically Determined Even in Type 1 Diabetes: Evidence From Healthy and Diabetic Twins. Diabetes 2001;50(12):2858-63. [PDF File]

Snieder H, van den Oord EJC, Chiano M, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Sib-TDT analysis of human TGF-beta1 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in female twins: evidence for linkage and association with blood pressure at the codon 263 polymorphism. Genescreen. 2001; 1(2): 89-92

Strachan DP, Wong HJ, Spector TD. Concordance and interrelationship of atopic diseases and markers of allergic sensitization among adult female twins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108(6):901-7.

Vickers MA, McLeod E, Spector TD, Wilson IJ. Assessment of mechanism of acquired skewed X inactivation by analysis of twins. Blood 2001;97(5):1274-1281. [PDF File]

Vignon E, Garnero P, Delmas P, Avouac B, Bettica P, Boers M, Ehrich E, MacKillop N, Rovati L, Serni U, Spector TD, Reginster JY. Recommendations for the registration of drugs used in the treatment of osteoarthritis: an update on biochemical markers. Osteoarthritis & Cartilage 2001;9, 289-293

White KE, Jonsson KB, Carn G, Hampson G, Spector TD, Mannstadt M, Lorenz-Depiereux B, Miyauchi A, Yang IM, Ljunggren O, Meitinger T, Strom TM, Juppner H, Econs MJ. The autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) gene is a secreted polypeptide overexpressed by tumors that cause phosphate wasting. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2001;86(2):497-500. [PDF File]

2000

Alavi A, Arden N, Spector TD, Axford JS. Immunoglobulin G glycosylation and clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. J Rheumatol 2000;27(6):1379-85.

Andrew T, Moriarty J, Levin E, Webb S. Outcome of referral to social services departments for people with cognitive impairment. Int. J. Geriat. Psychiatry 2000;15:406-414.

Antoniades L, MacGregor AJ, Matson M, Spector TD. A co-twin control study of the relationship between hip osteoarthritis and bone mineral density. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2000;43(7):1450-5. [PDF File]

Bataille V, Snieder H, MacGregor A, Spector T. Hereditary factors in basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a population-based cohort study in twins [letter; comment]. Br J Cancer 2000;82(1):247-9. [PDF File]

Bataille V, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Sasieni P, Spector TD. Genetics of risk factors for melanoma: an adult twin study of nevi and freckles. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92(6):457-63. [PDF File]

Carter N, Snieder H, Jeffery S, Saumarez R, Varma C, Antoniades L, Spector TD. QT interval in twins. J Hum Hypertens 2000;14(6):389-90.

Chan L, Mak Y, Tomlinson B, Baum L, Wu X, Masarei J and Pang C. Compound heterozygosity of Leu252Val and Leu252Arg causing lipoprotein lipase deficiency in a Chinese patient with hypertriglyceridemia. Eur J Clin Invest, 2000; 30:33-40.

Cherkas L, Hochberg F, MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Spector TD. Happy families: a twin study of humour. Twin Res 2000;3(1):17-22. [PDF File]

Doherty M, Spector TD, Serni U. Epidemiology and genetics of hand osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2000;Suppl A:S14-S15.

Edwards CJ, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Oral Statins and increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Lancet 2000;355(9222):2218-9. [PDF File]

Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, Hirsch R, Helmick CG, JOrdan JM, Kington RS, Lane NE, Nevitt MC, Zhang Y, Soweres M, McAlindon T, Spector TD, Poole AR, Yanovski SZ, Ateshian G, Sharma L, Buckwalter JA, Brandt K, Fries JF. Osteoarthritis - New insights. Part 1: The disease and its risk factors. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000;133(8):635-46. [PDF File]

Garner C, Tatu T, Carne L, Cardon L, Spector TD, Farrall M, Thein SL. A candidate gene study of F cell levels in sibling pairs using a joint linkage and association analysis. GeneScreen 2000;1:9-14. [PDF File]

Garner C, Tatu T, Reittie JE, Littlewood T, Darley J, Cervino S, Farrall M, Kelly P, Spector TD, Thein SL. Genetic influences on F cells and other hematologic variables: a twin heritability study. Blood 2000;95(1):342-6. [PDF File]

Hall MA, Ahmadi KR, Norman P, Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Vaughan RW, Spector TD, Lanchbury JS. Genetic influence on peripheral blood T lymphocyte levels. Genes and immunity 2000;1:423-427. [PDF File]

Hammond CJ, Snieder H, Spector TD, Gilbert CE. Genetic and environmental factors in age-related nuclear cataracts in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. N Engl J Med 2000;342(24):1786-90. [PDF File]

Hammond CJ, Snieder H, Spector TD, Gilbert CE. Factors affecting pupil size after dilatation: the twin eye study. British Journal of Ophthalmology 2000;84:1173-1176. [PDF File]

Hunter D, Major P, Arden N, Swaminathan R, Andrew T, MacGregor AJ, Keen R, Snieder H, Spector TD. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing bone loss and modifying bone metabolism using identical twin pairs. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15(11):2276-83 [PubMed].

Lam CW, Mak YT, Lo YMD, Tong SF, To KF, Lai FMM. Molecular genetic analysis of a Chinese patient with Fabry disease. Chin Med J, 2000; 113:186-188.

Lloyd ME, Spector TD, Howard R. Osteoporosis in neurological disorders [In Process Citation]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68(5):543-7. [PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Schork NJ, Spector TD. Twins. Novel uses to study complex traits and genetic diseases. Trends Genet 2000;16(3):131-4. [PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Spector TD. Genetic factors and osteoporotic fractures in elderly people. BMJ 2000;320:1669-70.

MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Rigby AS, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J, Aho K, Silman AJ. Characterizing the quantitative genetic contribution to rheumatoid arthritis using data from twins. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(1):30-7. [PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Antoniades L, Matson M, Andrew T, Spector TD. The genetic contribution to radiographic hip osteoarthritis in women: results of a classic twin study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2000;43(11):2410-2416. [PDF File]

Millard TP, Bataille V, Snieder H, Spector TD, McGregor JM. The Heritability of polymorphic light eruption. JID 2000;115(3):467-70. [PDF File]

Snieder H, Hayward CS, Perks U, Kelly RP, Kelly PJ, Spector TD. Heritability of central systolic pressure augmentation: a twin study. Hypertension 2000;35(2):574-9. [PDF File]

Spector TD. Osteoporosis: Genetics, prevention and treatment. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;342(22);1683.

Susol E, MacGregor AJ, Barrett JH, Wilson H, Black C, Welsh K, Silman A, Ollier B, Worthington J. A two-stage, genome-wide screen for susceptibility loci in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2000;43(7):1641-6.

Swaminathan R, Major P, Snieder H, Spector TD. Serum creatinine and fat free mass (lean body mass). Clin Chem 2000; 46 (10): 1695-6. [PDF File]

Wluka AE, Cicuttini FM, Spector TD. Menopause, Oestrogens and Arthritis. Maturitas 2000;35(3):183-99. [PDF File]

1999

Etherington J, Keeling J, Bramley R, Swaminathan R, McCurdie I, Spector TD. The effects of 10 weeks military training on heel ultrasound and bone turnover. Calcif Tissue Int 1999;64(5):389-93. [PDF File]

George GH, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Influence of current and past hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density: a study of discordant postmenopausal twins. Osteoporos Int 1999;9(2):158-62. [PDF File]

Grainger DJ, Percival J, Chiano M, Spector TD. The role of serum TGF-beta isoforms as potential markers of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 1999;9(5):398-404. [PDF File]

Grainger DJ, Heathcote K, Chiano M, Snieder H, Kemp PR, Metcalfe JC, Carter ND, Spector TD. Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1. Hum Mol Genet 1999;8(1):93-7. [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Incidence and risk factors for radiographic knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged women: the Chingford Study. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(1):17-24. [PDF File]

Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Powles T, Paterson AH, Ashley S, Spector T. A high incidence of vertebral fracture in women with breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1999;79(7-8):1179-81. [PDF File]

Keen RW, Woodford-Richens KL, Grant SF, Ralston SH, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD. Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(2):285-90. [PDF File]

Keen RW, Hart DJ, Arden NK, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Family history of appendicular fracture and risk of osteoporosis: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int 1999;10(2):161-6. [PDF File]

Lloyd ME, Hunt S, Spector TD. Imaging of pelvic fracture in a patient with psoriatic arthritis [letter]. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38(9):902-4. [PDF File]

Macdonald A, Chatrath P, Spector T, Ellis H. Level of termination of the spinal cord and the dural sac: a magnetic resonance study. Clin Anat 1999;12(3):149-52 [PubMed].

MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Twins and the genetic architecture of osteoarthritis [editorial]. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38(7):583-8 [PubMed].

Poulter NR, Chang CL, MacGregor AJ, Snieder H, Spector TD. Association between birth weight and adult blood pressure in twins: historical cohort study [see comments]. BMJ 1999;319(7221):1330-3 [PubMed].

Samaras K, Kelly PJ, Chiano MN, Spector TD, Campbell LV. Genetic and environmental influences on total-body and central abdominal fat: the effect of physical activity in female twins [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1999;130(11):873-82. [PDF File]

Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Genetic influences on cervical and lumbar disc degeneration: a magnetic resonance imaging study in twins. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(2):366-72. [PDF File]

Snieder H, Boomsma DI, van Doornen LJ, Neale MC. Bivariate genetic analysis of fasting insulin and glucose levels. Genet Epidemiol 1999;16(4):426-46.

Snieder H, van Doornen LJ, Boomsma DI. Dissecting the genetic architecture of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins: lessons from twin studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19(12):2826-34 [PubMed].

Snieder H, Hayward CS, Perks U, Kelly RP, Kely PJ, Spector TD. Heritability of central systolic pressure augmentation. A twin study. Hypertension 1999. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Snieder H, Keen R, Lewis C, MacGregor A. Interpreting the results of a segregation analysis of generalized radiographic osteoarthritis: comment on the article by Felson et al [letter; comment]. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(5):1068-70.

1998

Boomsma DI, Snieder H, de Geus EJ, van Doornen LJ. Heritability of blood pressure increases during mental stress. Twin Res 1998;1(1):15-24.

Cicuttini FM, Baker J, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Relation between Heberden's nodes and distal interphalangeal joint osteophytes and their role as markers of generalised disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57(4):246-8. [PDF File]

Dolan AL, Arden NK, Grahame R, Spector TD. Assessment of bone in Ehlers Danlos syndrome by ultrasound and densitometry. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57(10):630-3. [PDF File]

Havenaar EC, Axford JS, Brinkman-van der Linden EC, Alavi A, Van Ommen EC, Van Het Hof B, Spector TD, Mackiewicz A, Van Dijk W. Severe rheumatoid arthritis predicts the pregnacy-induced clearease in Alpha3- Tycosylation of AlphaL-Acid Glycoprotein. Glycoconj. J 1998; 15(7): 723-729.

Hoffer MJ, Bredie SJ, Snieder H, Reymer PW, Demacker PN, Havekes LM, Boomsma DI, Stalenhoef AF, Frants RR, Kastelein JJ. Gender-related association between the -93T-->G/D9N haplotype of the lipoprotein lipase gene and elevated lipid levels in familial combined hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 1998;138(1):91-9.

Keen RW, Woodford-Richens KL, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD. Allelic variation at the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene is associated with early postmenopausal bone loss at the spine. Bone 1998;23(4):367-71. [PDF File]

Masud T, Mulcahy B, Thompson AV, Donnelly S, Keen RW, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Effects of cyclical etidronate combined with calcitriol versus cyclical etidronate alone on spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57(6):346-9. [PDF File]

Rigby AS, MacGregor AJ, Thomson G. HLA haplotype sharing in rheumatoid arthritis sibships: risk estimates subdivided by proband genotype. Genet Epidemiol 1998;15(4):403-18.

Samaras K, Kelly PJ, Spector TD, Chiano MN, Campbell LV. Tobacco smoking and oestrogen replacement are associated with lower total and central fat in monozygotic twins. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22(2):149-56.

Samaras K, Kelly PJ, Chiano MN, Arden N, Spector TD, Campbell LV. Genes versus environment. The relationship between dietary fat and total and central abdominal fat. Diabetes Care 1998;21(12):2069-76. [PDF File]

Snieder H, MacGregor AJ, Spector TD. Genes control the cessation of a woman's reproductive life: a twin study of hysterectomy and age at menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83(6):1875-80 . [PDF File]

Swale VJ, Spector TD, Bataille VA. Sarcoidosis in monozygotic twins [letter]. Br J Dermatol 1998;139(2):350-2.

1997

van Doornen LJ, Snieder H, Boomsma DI. Serum lipids and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Biol Psychol 1998;47(3):279-97.

Arden NK, Spector TD. Genetic influences on muscle strength, lean body mass, and bone mineral density: a twin study. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12(12):2076-81. [PDF File]

Brown MA, Kennedy LG, MacGregor AJ, Darke C, Duncan E, Shatford JL, Taylor A, Calin A, Wordsworth P. Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis in twins: the role of genes, HLA, and the environment [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40(10):1823-8.

Cicuttini FM, Spector TD. What is the evidence that osteoarthritis is genetically determined? Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1997;11(4):657-69.

Keen RW, Egger P, Fall C, Major PJ, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD, Cooper C. Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor, infant growth, and adult bone mass. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;60(3):233-5. [PDF File]

Keen RW, Samaras K, Richens KL, Spector TD, Campbell LV, Kelly PJ. Beta 3-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and determination of adiposity and fat distribution in normal female twins [letter]. Diabetologia 1997;40(1):122-3.

Keen RW, Hart DJ, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD. Association of early osteoarthritis of the knee with a Taq I polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40(8):1444-9. [PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Griffiths GO, Baker J, Spector TD. Determinants of pressure pain threshold in adult twins: evidence that shared environmental influences predominate. Pain 1997;73(2):253-7. [PDF File]

Samaras K, Spector TD, Nguyen TV, Baan K, Campbell LV, Kelly PJ. Independent genetic factors determine the amount and distribution of fat in women after the menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82(3):781-5. [PDF File]

Snieder H, Boomsma DI, van Doornen LJ, de Geus EJ. Heritability of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: dependency on task and respiration rate. Psychophysiology 1997;34(3):317-28.

Snieder H, van Doornen LJ, Boomsma DI. The age dependency of gene expression for plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins. Am J Hum Genet 1997;60(3):638-50.

Spector TD, Hart DJ, Nandra D, Doyle DV, Mackillop N, Gallimore JR, Pepys MB. Low-level increases in serum C-reactive protein are present in early osteoarthritis of the knee and predict progressive disease. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40(4):723-7. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Nandra D, Hart DJ, Doyle DV. Is hormone replacement therapy protective for hand and knee osteoarthritis in women?: The Chingford Study. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56(7):432-4. [PDF File]

Vogler GP, McClearn GE, Snieder H, Boomsma DI, Palmer R, de Knijff P, Slagboom PE. Genetics and behavioral medicine: risk factors for cardiovascular disease [see comments]. Behav Med 1997;22(4):141-9.

1996

Arden NK, Baker J, Hogg C, Baan K, Spector TD. The heritability of bone mineral density, ultrasound of the calcaneus and hip axis length: a study of postmenopausal twins. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11(4):530-4. [PDF File]

Arden NK, Keen RW, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD. Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor gene do not predict quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus or hip axis length. Osteoporos Int 1996;6(4):334-7. [PDF File]

Arden NK, Griffiths GO, Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. The association between osteoarthritis and osteoporotic fracture: the Chingford Study. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35(12):1299-304. [PDF File]

Bendall KE, Macaulay VA, Baker JR, Sykes BC. Heteroplasmic point mutations in the human mtDNA control region. Am J Hum Genet 1996;59(6):1276-87.

Cicuttini FM, Baker J, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Association of pain with radiological changes in different compartments and views of the knee joint. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1996;4(2):143-7. [PDF File]

Cicuttini FM, Baker JR, Spector TD. The association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in women: a twin study. J Rheumatol 1996;23(7):1221-6. [PDF File]

Cicuttini FM, Spector TD. Genetics of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55(9):665-7.

Cicuttini FM, Baker J, Hart DJ, Spector TD. Choosing the best method for radiological assessment of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55(2):134-6.

Cicuttini FM, Spector TD. The genetics of osteoarthritis [editorial]. J Clin Pathol 1996;49(8):617-9 [PubMed].

Cooper C, Egger P, Coggon D, Hart DJ, Masud T, Cicuttini F, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Generalized osteoarthritis in women: pattern of joint involvement and approaches to definition for epidemiological studies. J Rheumatol 1996;23(11):1938-42. [PDF File].

Donnelly S, Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Spiking of the tibial tubercles--a radiological feature of osteoarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55(2):105-8. [PDF File]

Etherington J, Harris PA, Nandra D, Hart DJ, Wolman RL, Doyle DV, Spector TD. The effect of weight-bearing exercise on bone mineral density: a study of female ex-elite athletes and the general population. J Bone Miner Res 1996;11(9):1333-8. [PDF File]

Garnero P, Arden NK, Griffiths G, Delmas PD, Spector TD. Genetic influence on bone turnover in postmenopausal twins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81(1):140-6. [PDF File]

Hall GM, Larbre JP, Spector TD, Perry LA, Da Silva JA. A randomized trial of testosterone therapy in males with rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35(6):568-73. [PDF File]

Jawaheer D, MacGregor AJ, Gregersen PK, Silman AJ, Ollier WE. Unexpected HLA haplotype sharing in dizygotic twin pairs discordant for rheumatoid arthritis. J Med Genet 1996;33(12):1015-8.

Keen RW, Spector TD. Role and evolution of therapeutic options. Osteoporos Int 1996;6 Suppl 2:16-20. [PDF File]

Keen RW, Spector TD. Alendronate: a new bisphosphonate for the treatment of osteoporosis. Br J Clin Pract 1996;50(4):211-7.

Keen RW, Griffiths GO, Spector TD. Patients who have had fractures of the distal forearm do not lose bone as expected [letter]. BMJ 1996;313(7060):821.

Keen RW, Nguyen T, Sobnack R, Perry LA, Thompson PW, Spector TD. Can biochemical markers predict bone loss at the hip and spine?: a 4-year prospective study of 141 early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1996;6(5):399-406. [PDF File]

Lloyd ME, Hart DJ, Nandra D, McAlindon TE, Wheeler M, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Relation between insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, osteoarthritis, bone density, and fractures in the general population: the Chingford study. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55(12):870-4. [PDF File]

Masud T, Mootoosamy I, McCloskey EV, O'Sullivan MP, Whitby EP, King D, Matson MB, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Assessment of osteopenia from spine radiographs using two different methods: the Chingford Study. Br J Radiol 1996;69(821):451-6. [PDF File]

O'Neill TW, Grazio S, Spector TD, Silman AJ. Geometric measurements of the proximal femur in UK women: secular increase between the late 1950s and early 1990s. Osteoporos Int 1996;6(2):136-40. [PDF File]

Silman AJ, Newman J, MacGregor AJ. Cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a nationwide study of disease-discordant twins [see comments]. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39(5):732-5 [PubMed].

Spector TD, Hart DJ. [Radiological evaluation of osteoarthritis]. Rev Prat 1996;46(19 Spec No):S15-S21 [PubMed].

Spector TD, Cicuttini F, Baker J, Loughlin J, Hart D. Genetic influences on osteoarthritis in women: a twin study [see comments]. BMJ 1996;312(7036):940-3 [PubMed].

Spector TD, Harris PA, Hart DJ, Cicuttini FM, Nandra D, Etherington J, Wolman RL, Doyle DV. Risk of osteoarthritis associated with long-term weight-bearing sports: a radiologic survey of the hips and knees in female ex-athletes and population controls. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39(6):988-95. [PDF File]

1995

Cicuttini FM, Spector TD. The epidemiology of osteoarthritis of the hand [see comments]. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1995;62(6 Suppl 1):3S-8S.

Cicuttini FM, Spector TD. Osteoarthritis in the aged. Epidemiological issues and optimal management. Drugs Aging 1995;6(5):409-20.

Egger P, Cooper C, Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Coggon D, Spector TD. Patterns of joint involvement in osteoarthritis of the hand: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol 1995;22(8):1509-13.

Etherington J, Spector TD. Asymmetrical nodular osteoarthritis in a patient with a hemiparesis [letter] [see comments]. Ann Rheum Dis 1995;54(11):936-7.

Hall GM, Spector TD, Delmas PD. Markers of bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Effects of corticosteroids and hormone replacement therapy. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38(7):902-6. [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Spector TD. Radiographic criteria for epidemiologic studies of osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl 1995;43:46-8. [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Association between metabolic factors and knee osteoarthritis in women: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol 1995;22(6):1118-23. [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Spector TD. The classification and assessment of osteoarthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1995;9(2):407-32.

Keen RW, Major PJ, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD. Vitamin-D-receptor-gene polymorphism and bone loss [letter; comment]. Lancet 1995;345(8955):990.

MacGregor AJ, Bamber S, Carthy D, Vencovsky J, Mageed RA, Ollier WE, Silman AJ. Heterogeneity of disease phenotype in monozygotic twins concordant for rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34(3):215-20.

MacGregor AJ. Classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1995;9(2):287-304.

MacGregor AJ, Ollier WE, Venkovsky J, Mageed RA, Carthy D, Silman AJ. Rheumatoid factor isotypes in monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant for rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22(12):2203-7 .

Masud T, Jawed S, Doyle DV, Spector TD. A population study of the screening potential of assessment of trabecular pattern of the femoral neck (Singh index): the Chingford Study. Br J Radiol 1995;68(808):389-93. [PDF File]

Sambrook PN, Spector TD, Seeman E, Bellamy N, Buchanan RR, Duffy DL, Martin NG, Prince R, Owen E, Silman AJ. Osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. A monozygotic co-twin control study. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38(6):806-9. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Keen RW, Arden NK, Morrison NA, Major PJ, Nguyen TV, Kelly PJ, Baker JR, Sambrook PN, Lanchbury JS. Influence of vitamin D receptor genotype on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a twin study in Britain [see comments]. BMJ 1995;310(6991):1357-60. [PDF File]

1994

Arden NK, Lloyd ME, Spector TD, Hughes GR. Safety of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Lupus 1994;3(1):11-3. [PDF File]

Bansal AS, MacGregor AJ, Pumphrey RS, Silman AJ, Ollier WE, Wilson PB. Increased levels of sCD23 in rheumatoid arthritis are related to disease status. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994;12(3):281-5.

Donnelly S, Doyle DV, Denton A, Rolfe I, McCloskey EV, Spector TD. Bone mineral density and vertebral compression fracture rates in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(2):117-21. [PDF File]

Hajeer AH, MacGregor AJ, Rigby AS, Ollier WE, Carthy D, Silman AJ. Influence of previous exposure to human parvovirus B19 infection in explaining susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an analysis of disease discordant twin pairs. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(2):137-9.

Hall GM, Daniels M, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with and without steroids. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(10):1499-505. [PDF File]

Hall GM, Daniels M, Huskisson EC, Spector TD. A randomised controlled trial of the effect of hormone replacement therapy on disease activity in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(2):112-6. [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Mootoosamy I, Doyle DV, Spector TD. The relationship between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis in the general population: the Chingford Study. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(3):158-62. [PDF File]

Hart DJ, Spector TD, Egger P, Coggon D, Cooper C. Defining osteoarthritis of the hand for epidemiological studies: The chingford study. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 1994;53:220-223. [PDF File]

Jawaheer D, Thomson W, MacGregor AJ, Carthy D, Davidson J, Dyer PA, Silman AJ, Ollier WE. Homozygosity for the HLA-DR shared epitope contributes the highest risk for rheumatoid arthritis concordance in identical twins. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(5):681-6.

MacGregor AJ, Bamber S, Silman AJ. A comparison of the performance of different methods of disease classification for rheumatoid arthritis. Results of an analysis from a nationwide twin study. J Rheumatol 1994;21(8):1420-6.

MacGregor AJ, Isenberg DA. Association of steroid treatment and anticardiolipin antibodies with atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: comment on the article by Lahita et al [letter; comment]. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(9):1413-4.

MacGregor AJ, Riste LK, Hazes JM, Silman AJ. Low prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in black-Caribbeans compared with whites in inner city Manchester [see comments]. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(5):293-7.

Spector TD, Hochberg MC. Methodological problems in the epidemiological study of osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(2):143-6.

Spector TD, Hart DJ, Doyle DV. Incidence and progression of osteoarthritis in women with unilateral knee disease in the general population: the effect of obesity. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(9):565-8. [PDF File]

Spotila LD, Colige A, Sereda L, Constantinou-Deltas CD, Whyte MP, Riggs BL, Shaker JL, Spector TD, Hume E, Olsen N. Mutation analysis of coding sequences for type I procollagen in individuals with low bone density. J Bone Miner Res 1994;9(6):923-32.

1993

Arden NK, Spector TD. Oestrogens, bones and systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1993;2(6):381-2.

Spector TD, Hart DJ, Byrne J, Harris PA, Dacre JE, Doyle DV. Definition of osteoarthritis of the knee for epidemiological studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52(11):790-4.[PDF File]

Hall GM, Spector TD, Griffin AJ, Jawad AS, Hall ML, Doyle DV. The effect of rheumatoid arthritis and steroid therapy on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(11):1510-6. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Sambrook PN. Steroid osteoporosis. BMJ 1993;307(6903):519-20.

Masud T, Langley S, Wiltshire P, Doyle DV, Spector TD. Effect of spinal osteophytosis on bone mineral density measurements in vertebral osteoporosis. BMJ 1993;307(6897):172-3. [PDF File]

Spector TD, McCloskey EV, Doyle DV, Kanis JA. Prevalence of vertebral fracture in women and the relationship with bone density and symptoms: the Chingford study. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(7):817-22. [PDF File]

da Silva JA, Colville-Nash EV, Doyle DV, Kanis JA. Inflammation-induced cartilage degradation in female rodents. Protective role of sex hormones. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(7):1007-13. [PDF File]

Spector TD, James IT, Hall GM, Thompson PW, Perrett D, Hart DJ. Increased levels of urinary collagen crosslinks in females with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1993;12(2):240-4.

McCloskey EV, Spector TD, Eyres KS, Fern ED, O'Rourke N, Vasikaran S, Kanis JA. The assessment of vertebral deformity: a method for use in population studies and clinical trials. Osteoporos. Int. 1993;3(3):138-47. [PDF File]

da Silva JA, Larbre JP, Spector TD, Perry LA, Scott DL, Willoughby DA. Protective effect of androgens against inflammation induced cartilage degradation in male rodents.Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52(4):285-91. PDF File]

Spector TD, Hart DJ, Powell RJ. Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatoid factor in women: evidence for a secular decline. Ann. Rheum. Dis.1993;52(4):254-7. [PDF File]

Hall GM, Perry LA, Spector TD. Depressed levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in postemenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis but no relation with axial bone density. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52(3):211-4.

Spector TD. Epidemiology of the rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1993;5(2):132-7. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Hall GM, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA. Risk of vertebral fracture in women with rheumatoid arthritis. BMJ 1993;306(6877):558.

Hart DJ, Spector TD. The relationship of obesity, fat distribution and osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(2):331-5.

Hart DJ, Spector TD. Cigarette smoking and risk of osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1993;52(2):93-6. [PDF File]

MacGregor AJ, Fox H, Ollier WE, Snaith ML, Silman AJ. An identical twin pair discordant for rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993;11(4):425-8 .

MacGregor AJ, Silman AJ. Epidemiological approaches to the immunogenetics of autoimmune rheumatic disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52(4):310-3.

Silman AJ, MacGregor AJ, Thomson W, Holligan S, Carthy D, Farhan A, Ollier WE. Twin concordance rates for rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nationwide study. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32(10):903-7.

Spector TD, Hart DJ, Byrne J, Harris PA, Dacre JE, Doyle DV. Definition of osteoarthritis of the knee for epidemiological studies. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52(11):790-4. [PDF File]

Worthington J, Rigby AS, MacGregor AJ, Silman AJ, Carthy D, Ollier WE. Lack of association of increased antibody levels to mycobacterial hsp65 with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a study of disease discordant twin pairs. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52(7):542-4.

1992

Spector TD, Edwards AC, Thompson PW. Use of a risk factor and dietary calcium questionnaire in predicting bone density and subsequent bone loss at the menopause. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(11):1252-3.

Spector TD, Silman AJ. Sibship size does not increase the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31(11):763-6. [PDF File]

Thompson PW, Spector TD, James IT, Henderson E, Hart DJ. Urinary collagen crosslinks reflect the radiographic severity of knee osteoarthritis. Br J Rheumatol 1992;31(11):759-61.

Spector TD, Woodward L, Hall GM, Hammond A, Williams A, Butler MG, James IT, Hart DJ, Thompson PW, Scott DL. Keratan sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(10):1134-7. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Dacre JE, Harris PA, Huskisson EC. Radiological progression of osteoarthritis: an 11 year follow-up study of the knee. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(10):1107-10. [PDF File]

Spector TD, Hart DJ. How serious is knee osteoarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 1992;51(10):1105-6.

Da Silva JA, Spector TD. The role of pregnancy in the course and aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 1992;11(2):189-94. [PDF File]

Hall GM, Spector TD, Studd JW. Carpal tunnel syndrome and hormone replacement therapy [letter]. BMJ 1992;304(6823):382.

MacGregor AJ, Silman AJ. A reappraisal of the measurement of disease occurrence in rheumatoid arthritis [editorial]. J Rheumatol 1992;19(8):1163-5.

MacGregor AJ, Dhillon VB, Binder A, Forte CA, Knight BC, Betteridge DJ, Isenberg DA. Fasting lipids and anticardiolipin antibodies as risk factors for vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(2):152-5.